Podcast: The Flies Have It

Here is my sure-fire suggestion to set a scene or provoke a mood.  Add a fly.  And give him human characteristics.

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Open Letter to Peg Bracken

 

Dear Peg,

I am writing to thank you for saving my mother’s life, not in terms of death and dying, but in the sanity sense of the word.  She clung to your 1960 cookbook, The I Hate to Cookbook like a life raft, that slim volume always right next to the kitchen telephone.

The recipes in your book were beside the point.  I don’t think she every made your “Hurry Curry,” or “Clam Whiffle (a soufllé that any fool can make)”  It was your irreverent tone that let her know someone out there was like her, chafing at the limitations of the stereotypical housewife – in her case a woman who had given birth to six children in ten years. Continue reading

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Podcast: Open Letter to Peg Bracken

The I Hate to Cookbook, published by Peg Bracken in 1960, saved my mother’s life.

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The Elegance of the Hexagon

Not that there was any pitched battle for my loyalties, but I have to say that the hexagon is my favorite geometric shape.  I first became enamored in biochemistry when introduced to the basic building block of the carbon ring, illustrated as a hexagon of carbon atoms with other molecules hanging off of them.  In medical school I spent hours of quality time with glucose, and even though the molecule can be folded and twisted, I appreciated its simplified depiction as an equilateral hexagon.

The next step of my hexagon journey was Charles Darwin and the conundrum of the honeycomb.  The precise hexagonal structure of the honeycomb has fascinated naturalists for thousands of years.

In 36 BC the Greek mathematician Marcus Ternetius Varro suggested that a tile of hexagons produce the smallest total perimeter of wax compared to a square or a triangle, the two other shapes can make an unbroken tiled surface.  The bottom line is that hexagons minimize the burden of wax production.  This theory became known as the “honeybee conjecture.”  Though widely accepted, the theory was not proved mathematically until 1999, some two thousand years later.  Darwin proposed that economy of wax was the engine driving the natural selection advantage for  those bees who could make a hexagon.

While this hypothesis explained why bees do what they do, Darwin faced the bigger challenge of explaining how they do it.  The biggest hurdle was the church.  Theologians had made the honeycomb one of the poster children for intelligent design.  William Paley, an influential naturalist in Darwin’s time, provided a detailed analogy to a watch, stating that there could be no watch without the guiding hand of a watchmaker.  Paley believed some sort of governing intelligence was the only explanation for a design that flummoxed human engineers.

I can understand this line of thought.  As I try to construct a quilt in a pattern of interlocking hexagons, I think of the bee doing the same thing in the dark, working alongside other bees to construct a three dimensional hive.  I’ve got a ruler and precise cutting tools but frankly, it’s a bitch to get precise 120 degree angles so that the three corners snug in together.  If one angle is off kilter, the mistake is compounded in the next, to the point of ripping the whole thing out midst a string of expletives.  But the uneducated bee, with its mere smidge of a brain, does it effortlessly.  Oh and by the way, the hive is tilted just so from the horizontal to prevent the honey from dripping out.

The cornerstone of Darwin’s theory of natural selection is that there is no agenda to natural selection, no plan to make a watch or a honeycomb.  Form simply evolves in response to survival pressures.  If Darwin could not show that bees could change over time and become more efficient, his entire theory would crumble in the face of religious skeptics who believed “as it was in the beginning, now is and ever shall be, world without end.”

The hexagonal comb was my gateway into the relentless curiosity of Darwin.  One summer I thought I might read the Origin of the Species.  After a few chapters, I abandoned the project.   The writing is so dense, filled with long descriptions crying out for a diagram or even better a YouTube video.  But leaf through and you’ll find a vivid demonstration of an insatiable curiosity at work.

Darwin starts his description of the honeycomb by commenting that only a “dull man” could not be impressed by the hexagonal skills of the bee whose geometry skills outshine even the most accomplished craftsmen.  He then blithely brushes aside thoughts of intelligent design and states, “But the difficulty is not nearly so great as it first appears; all this beautiful work can be shown, I think, to follow from a few very simple instincts.”

The next ten pages are a recitation of his extensive empirical research, which included a vast correspondence with other naturalists studying the honeycomb.  Darwin was looking for a transitional structure, a simple comb that would demonstrate the starting point of its evolution.  And thank God, a colleague sent Darwin a honeycomb from a Mexican bee that made circular, not hexagonal, cells.  No special skills were needed to explain this geometry.  The bee could simply rotate around a single point.  However, the wasted spaced between circles put this bee at a survival disadvantage.  Its hive was inefficient.

Darwin communicated with Francois Huber, another honeycomb expert.  Huber was blind, but still managed to make meticulous observations of honeycomb construction with the assistance of his patient wife.  He discovered Darwin’s “hive” bees start cell construction with a circular blob of wax which they then excavate.  As the two adjoining cells compress against each other they form a straight edge.

Problem solved.  Based on the evidence that simpler forms of hives exist, Darwin wrote “Hence we may safely conclude that if we could slightly modify the instincts already possessed by the [Mexican bee], this bee would make a structure as wonderfully perfect as the hive-bee.”

Darwin then described his own experiments where he inserted wax of different colors and configurations into a hive and observed the bees.  I like to imagine him pitter-patter-puttering around his beehives, magnifying glass in hand and enduring the occasional sting, all in an effort to make his theory of evolution bullet-proof.  He was simultaneously studying such things as earthworms, barnacles, the dispersal of seeds and the webbed feet of upland ducks.  I smile to think of the mailman delivering yet another unusual package to his home.

One of the Darwin’s charms is that his experiments are simple and clever and could be duplicated by amateur naturalists in their own backyards.  In fact, I think this would make a noteworthy science project for the motivated grade school student.  Perhaps not start by putting colored wax into a beehive – I can’t imagine how many times Darwin got stung – but rather earthworms.  Darwin played them music to test their hearing.

Once sensitized to the hexagon, I began to see them everywhere.  The compound eyes of the dragonfly are hexagonal, the sea turtle shell has hexagonal plates, both presumably driven by the efficient packing of the hexagon.

Cell phone companies use hexagonal shaped cells to efficiently map the location of phone towers so that there will be no gaps in coverage.  Settlers of Catan also uses hexagonal tiling.

There are some very practical advantages to the hexagon.  Consider the pencil.  It typically has a hexagonal shape, perhaps to provide a better grip, or better packing in a box or maybe to keep it from rolling off the table. (Personally, I would like hexagonal raspberries.   My floor is stained with raspberries that have rolled off the table and gotten squished.)

The hexagonal heads of nuts and bolts are the perfect compromise between round and square to provide the necessary torque for the wrench.  An eight-sided nut would be too circular and the wrench would fall off.  A square shape would provide inadequate surface area for the torque.    A quick perusal of our garage revealed a variety of hexagonal gas caps and knobs.  The bathroom plumbing at my local library provided another example!

Chicken wire is hexagonal.  A rectangular configuration loses its spunk if one wire fails – chickens can easily escape by squeezing through the vertical slit.  In a hexagonal structure the wires are wrapped around two separate strands, if one fails, the fence retains its integrity, at least for chickens.

The overall shape of a snowflake is hexagonal, many crystals are hexagonal, (including the graphite in the pencil), all driven by the underlying chemistry of attraction and repulsion.  Our physical world boasts some impressive hexagons.  The Giant’s Causeway in Ireland consists of a lava field tiled in hexagons.  The shrinking of the cooling lava created tension across the field leading to cracks.  According to fracture mechanics, a hexagonal shape of cracks releases the most tension.

A similar configuration of basalt piles exists in California, called the Devil’s Postpile.  The imperfection of the hexagons is related to the variable rate of cooling across the field.

Darwin must have known about the ubiquity of hexagons.  Certainly he’d stared into the compound eyes of a dragonfly as he pondered the evolution of the eye.  He constantly received animal specimens in the mail and would likely have a collection of hexagonal-plated turtle shells.   Ireland’s Giant’s Causeway became widely known in 1692.  Chicken wire was invented in 1844.  Darwin, ever curious, must have also noticed the practical hexagonal design of nuts and bolts.   Perhaps the hexagon was bringing it all together for him, from micro to macro, the surprising overlap of the physical, chemical and natural world.

Darwin died 100 years too early to appreciate the vast hexagon on the northern pole of Saturn, identified during the 1981 Voyager mission.  This hexagon is 18,000 miles wide.  I can imagine Darwin’s cosmic curiosity with this huge cloud swirling around a churning storm at its center, producing the exact same geometry as his humble bee.  “What wild wind is at work here?” he comments as he taps his hexagonal pencil filled with hexagonal graphite crystals on his desk.

 

 

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Podcast: The Elegance of the Hexagon

Take a tour of the ubiquitous hexagon, from the humble honeycomb to the 16,000 mile wide hexagon on the surface of Saturn!

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Podcast: My Life in Guinea Pigs

My uneasy relationship with guinea pigs in four chapters

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My Life in Guinea Pigs

A Harsh Reality

I found the guinea pig nestled in the back corner of the linen closet.  He had escaped from his cage a couple of days before, at least that’s when somebody noticed he was gone, because my brother had lost interest in his pet.  My mother organized a search party.

He stared up at me from his comfortable nest of shredded toilet paper.  I admired his ingenuity and thought perhaps he was relishing his freedom.  Then I spotted two crayons next to him, a red and a blue one.  I could see tiny teeth marks striating the crayon tip.

At ten years old, this was my first introduction to the harsh world of survival.  This guinea pig thought he could survive on crayons.

In my secure and tidy suburban world, the idea that some didn’t have enough to eat was a novel concept.  This was in the early 1960s and the post-war deprivations lingered in my parents’ minds.  I remember my mother saying, “Finish your dinner, there are people starving in Armenia.”  Why she particularly chose Armenia was a mystery and her logic escaped me.  As I looked into guinea pig’s beady eyes, I saw starvation.  I had saved him from a slow and agonizing death.

Convenient Lies and Willful Ignorance

On Christmas morning my four brothers and I would rush into the living room to see the vast array of presents, both under the Christmas tree and in our designated spots on the sofa and chairs.  After the initial flush of excitement,  we all looked at others’ piles to see if everything was equal.  My mother knew this, but this balancing act was tricky.  She would peruse the piles on Christmas Eve as she laid out the gifts and would address any mismatch by switching gifts around.  If that didn’t work, she might leave a note describing a make-good gift for the underserved.  That’s how my brother got his cat, and I assume that’s how someone acquired another guinea pig.

Any delight in the rodent was fleeting.  Nobody wanted to take care of it.  My mother was left to cope with sprayed woodchips, little pellets and the odor of urine.  She probably hoped the guinea pig would get lost in the house again, but more aggressive measures were required when the guinea pig survived until summer.  “Hey everybody,” she said, “I’ve got a great idea.  Why don’t we let the guinea pig out for the summer?  He can eat the grass and stuff, and then in the fall we’ll find him and bring him back inside.”

Even my youngest brothers, eight or nine at the time, must have know we were dooming our pet to a premature and violent death at the hands of our dogs, a fox or a coyote.  The slightest show of remorse by anyone would have scuttled the scheme.

But we collectively grabbed onto the convenient lie.

We tacitly convinced ourselves we were acting in the best interests of the guinea pig who would surely value a cage-free life.  In mid-summer I spotted him behind a bush.  He looked happy and well-fed.  The days grew shorter.  Summer faded into fall.  I briefly thought of the guinea pig, experiencing frost for the first time, shivering in his little nook, but it was too late to right the wrong, there was no search party.  Collectively our convenient lie had segued to willful ignorance.

Individually, convenient lies and willful ignorance are vital human skills to help us through tough days, but this was my first experience of lethal nature of the collective and casual combination of the two.  When everyone is at fault, no one is.

A Personal Vow

I was working full-time when our children were in grade school.  Most mothers worked part-time or had flexible schedules.  They relished school drop-off when they would gather over a cup of coffee.  I was never able to participate in these bonding moments and felt disconnected from the school scene.

I  tried to make amends and participate.  In a weak moment of selective amnesia, I  agreed to host the class guinea pig for the summer.  Within a week, I was sick of the damn thing and predictably my kids had lost interest.  Taking a lesson from my mother, I decided to let it go free, but with a twist.  I knew I’d be ostracized if I returned an empty cage to the school in the fall, so I built what looked like a sturdy enclosure in the back yard.

The guinea pig escaped as I transferred it outside.  Guinea pigs were slow moving objects, weren’t they?  How fast could they move on those little stubby paws?  This one bolted, streaked across the lawn and scurried under the porch.  I lay on my stomach to peer under the porch and saw him crouched against the house’s foundation.  eyes.  I was in a contest of wills with a guinea pig.  My children’s school reputation was at stake.

I inched my way forward in an agonizing army crawl through rocks and rubble until he was trapped.  I nabbed him.  The guinea pig emitted breathless squeals, and I realized I’d better loosen my grip.  Passively letting a guinea pig die a death of freedom is one thing, strangling it another.

At that moment, I vowed never again to allow any pet into our home that pooped inside.  No cat, guinea pig, hamster, mouse, reptile.  I was not cut out to be a genial guinea pig steward.

The Future

I thought my journey with guinea pigs was complete.  Then I heard they are a staple of the Peruvian diet, particularly in the Andean highlands.  Guinea pigs have been domesticated for thousands of years and serve as an important source of protein for highlanders.  Peruvians eat some sixty-five million guinea pigs per year, often in elaborate cultural rituals.

They can be raised in a small area, even in urban environments, and are twice as efficient in converting food into protein.  Heifer International, which focuses on providing sustainable livestock to rural communities, is now promoting guinea pig husbandry.  Two males and twenty females can create a sustainable source of protein for a family of six.

Will guinea pigs begin to show up in the meat section of the grocery store or on restaurant menus?  Unlikely.  Americans have trouble eating anything resembling a pet.  French grocery stores are filled with rabbit, but in this country, rabbits are endeared as bunnies and have a starring role at Easter.

In the movie Roger and Me, the director Michael Moore interviews a woman who is selling bunnies for pets or rabbits for food, she doesn’t care which.  The customer decides the rabbit/bunny’s fate.

In one horrifying scene the woman fondly pets a bunny and then calmly whacks it with a lead pipe, skins and guts it.  She displays no remorse, no recognition of the bright line between a pet and protein source.

Would I eat a guinea pig?  Sure I would, either baked, roasted, fried or barbecued.  I’m not driven by revenge or in search of bizarre food credentials, and it would take some psychological rewiring for me to bludgeon one to death.  However, the fact that guinea pigs are an alternative to carbon-costly beef cannot be ignored.  I anticipate the day when everyone will need their own personal emergency protein supply, either a dovecote with pigeons on the roof, a hutch of rabbits, or a herd of guinea pigs on our back patios.

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Podcast: My Life in Typewriters

Who would have throught that my experience with typewriters would touch on gender politics, boyfriends and the tyranny of the typo!

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My Life in Typewriters

1960s

It was one of those in-between summers.  I had outgrown sleep-away camp and wasn’t old enough to be a camp counselor, so my mother had to patch together activities to keep me occupied.  Typing class was the solution.

Even though I had no occasion to use a typewriter, I didn’t question the wisdom of this choice.  Instinctively I knew that typing was an essential skill for a woman in the working word.  In fact, my class was only girls.  My mother briefly worked as a secretary before she got married.   She had her own typewriter and I remember her setting it up on the kitchen table and typing out recipe cards, presumably to keep her QWERTY skills sharp.  She would pull out the recipe card and gaze at it with evident pride.

I used my mother’s typewriter for the class.  It was too bulky to put in the basket of my bicycle, so my mother dropped me off three mornings a week. I felt a sense of pride carrying the black typewriter in its case, imagining what it would be like to carry a briefcase filled with important papers to deliver, neatly typed, to the boss.

I liked rolling the unsullied sheet of white paper into place.  The distinctive clacking of the manual keys echoed around the room. sometimes in unison as everyone practiced the same phrases.  I cursed the perverse inventor of the key board.  Why make my feeble left-handed pinkie in charge of the pervasive “A?”  Why not swap it out with the seldom used “K,” occupying the prime spot of the middle finger of my dominant right hand?

The target was to reach 45 error-free words per minute, the threshold for the marginally adequate typist.  Finding that balance between speed and accuracy emerged as another life skill, one that would have served me well when taking the SAT test in a few short years.  I quickly learned it was not in my nature to take my time, go slowly and do it right the first time.  My general impatience inevitably sabotaged any consistent attempt to reach the 45 WPM target.  I was an obedient child, a rule follower, but typing offered a safe opportunity for risk-taking.  I enjoyed the thrill of pushing the limits until the delinquent “A” would get entangled with the adjacent “S,” resulting in a smudged mess.

The College Years, 1970-1974

The manual typewriter segued to an IBM Selectric, a typewriter with true heft.  I could hear the electric hum of progress coming from its innards, and there before me, more visible than a mother board or a whiz-bang chip, was technological ingenuity – letters rotating on a ball, eliminating any tangling of the arms.

In high school, term papers were still hand-written, but college professors expected type-written papers.  This standard spawned several work-arounds for the inevitable errors.  Liquid Paper was a real life-saver but required a deft touch to apply a thin veneer of white paint that could be typed over.

Thin pieces of paper dusted with dry white ink were another option to correct single letter misspellings.  Both strategies required the immediate recognition of errors, since rephrasing or even changes in the length of a word were impossible.  This meant all initial drafts and revisions were still hand-written.  Typing the manuscript was the last thing you did, often in the early hours of the morning as the deadline loomed.

Typing was still mostly gender-specific, leading to interesting social dynamics.  A girlfriend who could type was a real asset to a “hunt and peck” boyfriend with limited typing skills.  From the girl’s point of view, typing a boyfriend’s paper into the night demonstrated loyalty and commitment.  The boyfriend might respond by assigning her a coveted drawer in his dorm room where she could store her clothes.  A boy without a typing girlfriend was shit-out-of-luck, resulting in ill-considered relationships.

This dynamic was not without risk.  A hack job could scuttle a romance.  I bungled the references in one paper I typed for a boyfriend.  This error was beyond anything Liquid Paper could rectify, though in my defense the reference style was not clear in the draft I was handed at 2 AM.  The references had to be hand written in.  The relationship barely survived.

Summer Job, 1975

Ideally, one would like to have scintillating and intellectually stimulating summer jobs that leave you enthused about the working world and post-college prospects.   Not so the summer of 1975 when I had a job in a botanic garden stamping metallic tags for trees.  Words per minute were not a job qualification since I had to bang down on the keys one by one.  The sound was metallic, dissonant, rasping, brutal.

Forget about using my pinkie for the letter A.  Only my two index fingers were strong enough to press down the keys.  Each day my typing assignment consisted of a list of the trees arriving from a nursery.  I might arrive to find a list of 235 individual tags for Prunus padus, 215 for Quercus alba, or 135 for the more challenging Viburnum prunifolium.  All day long I sat at the stamping machine in a stifling airless garage.  The machine blew hot air up my mini skit leaving tender thighs exposed to the hot metal chair.

This miserable job was inspiring in a way.  It lit a small lamp of feminism.  I was never going to accept typing as women’s work, nor would I ever type for anyone else again. Men were on their own.

Working World, 1984 -1990

After college, I went to medical school followed by a pathology residency.  My entire medical school education consisted of scattershot multiple-choice questions, first a question on hematology, then perhaps cardiology, followed by some bizarre weeping skin disease.  All I had to do was fill in little bubbles on the answer sheet and pray I didn’t get them misaligned.  I didn’t type for eight years.

After my training, I went to work for the American Medical Association, writing reports on new medical technologies.  Still I didn’t have to type.  Secretaries were on call to type my handwritten drafts using an early version of a word processor.  I would receive the first typed draft, make handwritten revisions, return the document to the secretary for multiple rounds of revisions.

I felt ashamed asking another woman to type my work.  It was also an inefficient system.  Inevitably, the well-meaning secretary would introduce new errors while correcting old ones.  It was far quicker to do my own damn typing, and I was grateful for those long-ago lessons on the manual typewriter.  I became a fine typist.

Current Day

I have been firmly ensconced in the word processing world for 25 years.   The deliberate clacking sound of the typewriter has evaporated, replaced by a softer, almost murmuring click of a keyboard as my fingers race across the keys with abandon.  A balance between speed with accuracy is unnecessary.  I imagine an invisible minion scurrying behind me, tidying my impetuous errors.  The evolution of my typing has reached a resting point, at least until I get an iPad and devolve into a silent and tactileless word of hunting and pecking.

I cannot imagine creating a hand-written first draft, and I wonder how word processing has changed the way I think.  Before I had to carefully organize my thoughts, perhaps write up an outline.   Now I can just barf up anything on the screen and work my way into the essay.  The handwritten first draft may have squelched creative barf blasts, but the flexibility of the word processor might be dampening a more deliberate process.  I no longer have to turn my ideas over and over before committing them to paper, polishing their rough edges like a smooth stone.  Ernest Hemingway wrote out his first drafts in pencil commenting, “Wearing down seven #2 pencils is a good day’s work.”

I shudder at the new standard of perfection.  Typos are no longer tolerated.  I have spent hours searching for the last rogue typo, and then start the search again in case I have introduced a new one. Submitting a story for publication demands a slavish devotion to format.  Any slight deviation can result in a fatal ding by an editor who is looking for an easy reason to reject something by the second paragraph.  To me, that is like rejecting a cake with tilted tiers and uneven frosting (as mine always are) without tasting it.  Typing for a punitive taskmaster is a tyrannical process that can suck the life out of creativity.

I regret that word processing has usurped the fine art of penmanship.  My class eagerly awaited third grade when we learned grown-up cursive.  I was proud of my grade A efforts.    Opportunities for any handwriting are now minimal, limited to grocery lists, thank-you notes and condolence letters.  My pencil sharpener sits idle on the back counter.  I miss my handwriting, readable and beautiful.  I particularly like the way I make the loops of my below-the-line letters – my lower case g’s and y’s and are peppy and confident.

I still recognize my father’s careful and cramped writing filled with his unique misspelling of the word “stuff” as “stough.” My mother’s writing was loopy and fluid as if she was in a rush.  Both styles reflected their personalities.  I regret my children do not have many occasions to reflect on how my handwriting defines me.

My children grew up in the era of word-processing.  They never had to hand-write a first draft, nor navigate the gender politics of college typing.  Word processing was just handed to them as if it always existed.  Just as I cannot believe that my parents grew up without TV, my children cannot believe I grew up without a TV clicker, nor can they believe that Liquid Paper was a coveted item at 3 AM.

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Podcast: Dear Lady in the Front Row Who Gasped

Strangers can validate you as a writer.

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